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Содержание:
What is CSS?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is used to format the layout of a webpage.
With CSS, you can control the color, font, the size of text, the spacing
between elements, how elements are positioned and laid out, what background
images or background colors are to be used, different displays for different devices
and screen sizes, and much more!
Tip: The word cascading means that a style
applied to a parent element will also apply to all children elements within the
parent. So, if you set the color of the body text to «blue», all headings,
paragraphs, and other text elements within the body will also get the same color (unless you specify
something else)!
Attribute Values
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| alternate | Provides a link to an alternate version of the document (i.e. print page, translated or mirror). Example: <link rel=»alternate» type=»application/atom+xml» title=»W3Schools News» href=»/blog/news/atom»> |
| author | Provides a link to the author of the document |
| dns-prefetch | Specifies that the browser should preemptively perform DNS resolution for the target resource’s origin |
| help | Provides a link to a help document. Example: <link rel=»help» href=»/help/»> |
| icon | Imports an icon to represent the document.Example: <link rel=»icon» href=»/favicon.ico» type=»image/x-icon»> |
| license | Provides a link to copyright information for the document |
| next | Provides a link to the next document in the series |
| pingback | Provides the address of the pingback server that handles pingbacks to the current document |
| preconnect | Specifies that the browser should preemptively connect to the target resource’s origin. |
| prefetch | Specifies that the browser should preemptively fetch and cache the target resource as it is likely to be required for a follow-up navigation |
| preload | Specifies that the browser agent must preemptively fetch and cache the target resource for current navigation according to the destination given by the «as» attribute (and the priority associated with that destination). |
| prerender | Specifies that the browser should pre-render (load) the specified webpage in the background. So, if the user navigates to this page, it speeds up the page load (because the page is already loaded). Warning! This wastes the user’s bandwidth! Only use prerender if you are absolutely sure that the webpage is required at some point in the user’s journey |
| prev | Indicates that the document is a part of a series, and that the previous document in the series is the referenced document |
| search | Provides a link to a resource that can be used to search through the current document and its related pages. |
| stylesheet | Imports a style sheet |
❮ HTML <link> tag
HTML Tags
<!—><!DOCTYPE><a><abbr><acronym><address><applet><area><article><aside><audio><b><base><basefont><bdi><bdo><big><blockquote><body><br><button><canvas><caption><center><cite><code><col><colgroup><data><datalist><dd><del><details><dfn><dialog><dir><div><dl><dt><em><embed><fieldset><figcaption><figure><font><footer><form><frame><frameset><h1> — <h6><head><header><hr><html><i><iframe><img><input><ins><kbd><label><legend><li><link><main><map><mark><meta><meter><nav><noframes><noscript><object><ol><optgroup><option><output><p><param><picture><pre><progress><q><rp><rt><ruby><s><samp><script><section><select><small><source><span><strike><strong><style><sub><summary><sup><svg><table><tbody><td><template><textarea><tfoot><th><thead><time><title><tr><track><tt><u><ul><var><video>
HTML Tags
<!—><!DOCTYPE><a><abbr><acronym><address><applet><area><article><aside><audio><b><base><basefont><bdi><bdo><big><blockquote><body><br><button><canvas><caption><center><cite><code><col><colgroup><data><datalist><dd><del><details><dfn><dialog><dir><div><dl><dt><em><embed><fieldset><figcaption><figure><font><footer><form><frame><frameset><h1> — <h6><head><header><hr><html><i><iframe><img><input><ins><kbd><label><legend><li><link><main><map><mark><meta><meter><nav><noframes><noscript><object><ol><optgroup><option><output><p><param><picture><pre><progress><q><rp><rt><ruby><s><samp><script><section><select><small><source><span><strike><strong><style><sub><summary><sup><svg><table><tbody><td><template><textarea><tfoot><th><thead><time><title><tr><track><tt><u><ul><var><video>
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Devices
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| all | Default. Used for all media type devices |
| Used for Print preview mode/printed pages | |
| screen | Used for computer screens, tablets, smart-phones etc. |
| speech | Used for screenreaders that «reads» the page out loud |
| aural | Deprecated. Speech synthesizers |
| braille | Deprecated. Braille feedback devices |
| handheld | Deprecated. Handheld devices (small screen, limited bandwidth) |
| projection | Deprecated. Projectors |
| tty | Deprecated. Teletypes and similar media using a fixed-pitch character grid |
| tv | Deprecated. Television type devices (low resolution, limited scroll ability) |
HTML Tags
<!—><!DOCTYPE><a><abbr><acronym><address><applet><area><article><aside><audio><b><base><basefont><bdi><bdo><big><blockquote><body><br><button><canvas><caption><center><cite><code><col><colgroup><data><datalist><dd><del><details><dfn><dialog><dir><div><dl><dt><em><embed><fieldset><figcaption><figure><font><footer><form><frame><frameset><h1> — <h6><head><header><hr><html><i><iframe><img><input><ins><kbd><label><legend><li><link><main><map><mark><meta><meter><nav><noframes><noscript><object><ol><optgroup><option><output><p><param><picture><pre><progress><q><rp><rt><ruby><s><samp><script><section><select><small><source><span><strike><strong><style><sub><summary><sup><svg><table><tbody><td><template><textarea><tfoot><th><thead><time><title><tr><track><tt><u><ul><var><video>
External CSS
An external style sheet is used to define the style for many HTML pages.
To use an external style sheet, add a link to it in the section of each HTML page:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html><head>
<link rel=»stylesheet» href=»styles.css»>
</head><body><h1>This is a heading</h1><p>This is a paragraph.</p></body></html>
The external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file must not contain any
HTML code, and must be saved with a .css extension.
Here is what the «styles.css» file looks like:
«styles.css»:
body { background-color: powderblue;}h1 { color: blue;}p { color: red;}
Tip: With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire web site, by changing one file!
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HTML Tags
<!—>
<!DOCTYPE>
<a>
<abbr>
<acronym>
<address>
<applet>
<area>
<article>
<aside>
<audio>
<b>
<base>
<basefont>
<bdi>
<bdo>
<big>
<blockquote>
<body>
<br>
<button>
<canvas>
<caption>
<center>
<cite>
<code>
<col>
<colgroup>
<data>
<datalist>
<dd>
<del>
<details>
<dfn>
<dialog>
<dir>
<div>
<dl>
<dt>
<em>
<embed>
<fieldset>
<figcaption>
<figure>
<font>
<footer>
<form>
<frame>
<frameset>
<h1> — <h6>
<head>
<header>
<hr>
<html>
<i>
<iframe>
<img>
<input>
<ins>
<kbd>
<label>
<legend>
<li>
<link>
<main>
<map>
<mark>
<meta>
<meter>
<nav>
<noframes>
<noscript>
<object>
<ol>
<optgroup>
<option>
<output>
<p>
<param>
<picture>
<pre>
<progress>
<q>
<rp>
<rt>
<ruby>
<s>
<samp>
<script>
<section>
<select>
<small>
<source>
<span>
<strike>
<strong>
<style>
<sub>
<summary>
<sup>
<svg>
<table>
<tbody>
<td>
<template>
<textarea>
<tfoot>
<th>
<thead>
<time>
<title>
<tr>
<track>
<tt>
<u>
<ul>
<var>
<video>
<wbr>
Attributes
| Attribute | Value | Description |
|---|---|---|
| crossorigin | anonymoususe-credentials | Specifies how the element handles cross-origin requests |
| href | URL | Specifies the location of the linked document |
| hreflang | language_code | Specifies the language of the text in the linked document |
| media | media_query | Specifies on what device the linked document will be displayed |
| referrerpolicy | no-referrerno-referrer-when-downgradeorigin origin-when-cross-originunsafe-url |
Specifies which referrer to use when fetching the resource |
| rel | alternate author dns-prefetchhelp icon license next pingbackpreconnect prefetchpreloadprerender prev search stylesheet |
Required. Specifies the relationship between the current document and the linked document |
| sizes | HeightxWidthany | Specifies the size of the linked resource. Only for rel=»icon» |
| title | Defines a preferred or an alternate stylesheet | |
| type | media_type | Specifies the media type of the linked document |
Values
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| aspect-ratio | Specifies the width/height ratio of the targeted display area. «min-» and «max-» prefixes can be used. Example: media=»screen and (max-aspect-ratio:16/9)» |
| color | Specifies the bits per color of target display. «min-» and «max-» prefixes can be used. Example: media=»screen and (min-color:3)» |
| color-index | Specifies the number of colors the target display can handle. «min-» and «max-» prefixes can be used. Example: media=»screen and (min-color-index:256)» |
| device-aspect-ratio |
Deprecated. Specifies the device-width/device-height ratio of the target display/paper. |
| device-width | Deprecated. Specifies the width of the target display/paper. |
| device-height | Deprecated. Specifies the height of the target display/paper. |
| grid | Specifies if the output device is grid or bitmap. Possible values are «1» for grid, and «0» otherwise. Example: media=»handheld and (grid:1)» |
| height | Specifies the height of the targeted display area. «min-» and «max-» prefixes can be used. Example: media=»screen and (max-height:700px)» |
| monochrome | Specifies the bits per pixel in a monochrome frame buffer. «min-» and «max-» prefixes can be used. Example: media=»screen and (min-monochrome:2)» |
| orientation | Specifies the orientation of the target display/paper. Possible values: «portrait» or «landscape» Example: media=»all and (orientation: landscape)» |
| resolution | Specifies the pixel density (dpi or dpcm) of the target display/paper. «min-» and «max-» prefixes can be used. Example: media=»print and (min-resolution:300dpi)» |
| scan | Specifies scanning method of a tv display. Possible values are «progressive» and «interlace». Example: media=»tv and (scan:interlace)» |
| width | Specifies the width of the targeted display area. «min-» and «max-» prefixes can be used. Example: media=»screen and (min-width:500px)» |
❮ HTML <link> tag
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HTML Tags
<!—>
<!DOCTYPE>
<a>
<abbr>
<acronym>
<address>
<applet>
<area>
<article>
<aside>
<audio>
<b>
<base>
<basefont>
<bdi>
<bdo>
<big>
<blockquote>
<body>
<br>
<button>
<canvas>
<caption>
<center>
<cite>
<code>
<col>
<colgroup>
<data>
<datalist>
<dd>
<del>
<details>
<dfn>
<dialog>
<dir>
<div>
<dl>
<dt>
<em>
<embed>
<fieldset>
<figcaption>
<figure>
<font>
<footer>
<form>
<frame>
<frameset>
<h1> — <h6>
<head>
<header>
<hr>
<html>
<i>
<iframe>
<img>
<input>
<ins>
<kbd>
<label>
<legend>
<li>
<link>
<main>
<map>
<mark>
<meta>
<meter>
<nav>
<noframes>
<noscript>
<object>
<ol>
<optgroup>
<option>
<output>
<p>
<param>
<picture>
<pre>
<progress>
<q>
<rp>
<rt>
<ruby>
<s>
<samp>
<script>
<section>
<select>
<small>
<source>
<span>
<strike>
<strong>
<style>
<sub>
<summary>
<sup>
<svg>
<table>
<tbody>
<td>
<template>
<textarea>
<tfoot>
<th>
<thead>
<time>
<title>
<tr>
<track>
<tt>
<u>
<ul>
<var>
<video>
<wbr>
HTML Reference
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HTML Tags
<!—>
<!DOCTYPE>
<a>
<abbr>
<acronym>
<address>
<applet>
<area>
<article>
<aside>
<audio>
<b>
<base>
<basefont>
<bdi>
<bdo>
<big>
<blockquote>
<body>
<br>
<button>
<canvas>
<caption>
<center>
<cite>
<code>
<col>
<colgroup>
<data>
<datalist>
<dd>
<del>
<details>
<dfn>
<dialog>
<dir>
<div>
<dl>
<dt>
<em>
<embed>
<fieldset>
<figcaption>
<figure>
<font>
<footer>
<form>
<frame>
<frameset>
<h1> — <h6>
<head>
<header>
<hr>
<html>
<i>
<iframe>
<img>
<input>
<ins>
<kbd>
<label>
<legend>
<li>
<link>
<main>
<map>
<mark>
<meta>
<meter>
<nav>
<noframes>
<noscript>
<object>
<ol>
<optgroup>
<option>
<output>
<p>
<param>
<picture>
<pre>
<progress>
<q>
<rp>
<rt>
<ruby>
<s>
<samp>
<script>
<section>
<select>
<small>
<source>
<span>
<strike>
<strong>
<style>
<sub>
<summary>
<sup>
<svg>
<table>
<tbody>
<td>
<template>
<textarea>
<tfoot>
<th>
<thead>
<time>
<title>
<tr>
<track>
<tt>
<u>
<ul>
<var>
<video>
<wbr>
